China Controls Graphite Supply Chain, a Concern for Energy Transition
Graphite is a crucial element in li-ion batteries used in electric cars and energy-storage devices, among others. The element is mainly produced by China, which has a monopoly over the battery production, refining and export. Currently, China refines more than 90% of the graphite used in electric-vehicle batteries. Most of the global supply of this element is concentrated in China, Brazil and Turkey. This dominance by the east Asian country is worrying many, particularly those aiming to diversify their supply chains. Last year, Beijing included graphite on its list of items that need an export license. This has been interpreted…